Unity Beginner Project: Build Health, Damage, and a Simple Enemy

This guide shows you how to build a simple but real combat foundation in Unity. You will create a player with health, an enemy that damages the player on contact, temporary invulnerability after getting hit, knockback, and a basic health UI.

This is not a full combat system yet. It is the reliable core you can later use for action RPGs, platformers, arena games, and survival prototypes.

What You Will Make

By the end you will have:

• A player with max health and current health.
• An enemy that hurts the player.
• Invulnerability frames so the player does not lose all health instantly.
• Knockback so hits have physical feedback.
• A UI text label showing health.

Step 1: Prepare the Scene

Create a Unity 2D project or use an existing 2D test scene.

Create:

• Player: blue square or capsule
• Enemy: red square
• Ground or simple room walls if your game needs collision boundaries

On the Player:

• Add Rigidbody2D
• Add BoxCollider2D or CapsuleCollider2D
• Set Gravity Scale depending on your game:
  • Top-down: 0
  • Platformer: keep gravity enabled

On the Enemy:

• Add Rigidbody2D
• Add Collider2D
• For a top-down test, set Gravity Scale to 0

Step 2: Create the Health Component

Create Health.cs.

1using System;2using UnityEngine;3 4public class Health : MonoBehaviour5{6    [SerializeField] private int maxHealth = 5;7 8    public int CurrentHealth { get; private set; }9    public int MaxHealth => maxHealth;10 11    public event Action<int, int> HealthChanged;12    public event Action Died;13 14    private void Awake()15    {16        CurrentHealth = maxHealth;17    }18 19    public void TakeDamage(int amount)20    {21        if (amount <= 0) return;22        if (CurrentHealth <= 0) return;23 24        CurrentHealth = Mathf.Max(CurrentHealth - amount, 0);25        HealthChanged?.Invoke(CurrentHealth, maxHealth);26 27        if (CurrentHealth == 0)28        {29            Died?.Invoke();30        }31    }32 33    public void Heal(int amount)34    {35        if (amount <= 0) return;36        if (CurrentHealth <= 0) return;37 38        CurrentHealth = Mathf.Min(CurrentHealth + amount, maxHealth);39        HealthChanged?.Invoke(CurrentHealth, maxHealth);40    }41}

Attach Health to the Player.

Why use events? Because health should not need to know about UI, sound effects, animations, or game-over screens. Other systems can listen and respond.

Step 3: Add a Damage Receiver With Invulnerability

If the enemy stays touching the player, OnCollisionStay2D could damage every frame. That feels unfair. Instead, give the player invulnerability after taking damage.

Create PlayerDamageReceiver.cs.

1using System.Collections;2using UnityEngine;3 4public class PlayerDamageReceiver : MonoBehaviour5{6    [SerializeField] private float invulnerableSeconds = 0.75f;7    [SerializeField] private float knockbackForce = 7f;8 9    private Health health;10    private Rigidbody2D body;11    private bool invulnerable;12 13    private void Awake()14    {15        health = GetComponent<Health>();16        body = GetComponent<Rigidbody2D>();17    }18 19    public void ReceiveHit(int damage, Vector2 hitDirection)20    {21        if (invulnerable) return;22 23        health.TakeDamage(damage);24 25        if (body != null)26        {27            body.linearVelocity = Vector2.zero;28            body.AddForce(hitDirection.normalized * knockbackForce, ForceMode2D.Impulse);29        }30 31        StartCoroutine(InvulnerabilityRoutine());32    }33 34    private IEnumerator InvulnerabilityRoutine()35    {36        invulnerable = true;37        yield return new WaitForSeconds(invulnerableSeconds);38        invulnerable = false;39    }40}

Attach it to the Player.

If your Unity version uses velocity instead of linearVelocity, replace this line:

1body.linearVelocity = Vector2.zero;

with:

1body.velocity = Vector2.zero;

Step 4: Make the Enemy Deal Contact Damage

Create ContactDamage.cs.

1using UnityEngine;2 3public class ContactDamage : MonoBehaviour4{5    [SerializeField] private int damage = 1;6 7    private void OnCollisionEnter2D(Collision2D collision)8    {9        TryDamage(collision.gameObject);10    }11 12    private void OnCollisionStay2D(Collision2D collision)13    {14        TryDamage(collision.gameObject);15    }16 17    private void TryDamage(GameObject target)18    {19        PlayerDamageReceiver receiver = target.GetComponent<PlayerDamageReceiver>();20        if (receiver == null) return;21 22        Vector2 direction = target.transform.position - transform.position;23        receiver.ReceiveHit(damage, direction);24    }25}

Attach this to the Enemy.

Now when the enemy touches the player, the player loses health and gets pushed away.

Step 5: Add a Tiny Enemy Movement Script

An enemy that just sits still is not very useful. Create a basic patrol.

Create EnemyPatrol.cs.

1using UnityEngine;2 3public class EnemyPatrol : MonoBehaviour4{5    [SerializeField] private Transform pointA;6    [SerializeField] private Transform pointB;7    [SerializeField] private float speed = 2f;8 9    private Transform target;10 11    private void Start()12    {13        target = pointB;14    }15 16    private void Update()17    {18        if (pointA == null || pointB == null) return;19 20        transform.position = Vector2.MoveTowards(21            transform.position,22            target.position,23            speed * Time.deltaTime24        );25 26        if (Vector2.Distance(transform.position, target.position) < 0.05f)27        {28            target = target == pointA ? pointB : pointA;29        }30    }31}

Create two empty GameObjects named PatrolA and PatrolB, place them apart, and assign them to the enemy.

Step 6: Show Health on Screen

Create a Canvas:

1. Right-click Hierarchy.
2. Choose UI > Canvas.
3. Inside it, create UI > Text - TextMeshPro.
4. Name it HealthText.

If Unity asks to import TMP essentials, accept.

Create HealthTextUI.cs.

1using TMPro;2using UnityEngine;3 4public class HealthTextUI : MonoBehaviour5{6    [SerializeField] private Health playerHealth;7    [SerializeField] private TMP_Text label;8 9    private void OnEnable()10    {11        if (playerHealth != null)12        {13            playerHealth.HealthChanged += UpdateText;14            UpdateText(playerHealth.CurrentHealth, playerHealth.MaxHealth);15        }16    }17 18    private void OnDisable()19    {20        if (playerHealth != null)21        {22            playerHealth.HealthChanged -= UpdateText;23        }24    }25 26    private void UpdateText(int current, int max)27    {28        label.text = $"Health: {current}/{max}";29    }30}

Attach it to a UI manager object, then assign:

• Player Health: the Player object with Health
• Label: your TextMeshPro label

Step 7: Handle Death

For now, keep death simple.

Create PlayerDeathHandler.cs.

1using UnityEngine;2using UnityEngine.SceneManagement;3 4public class PlayerDeathHandler : MonoBehaviour5{6    private Health health;7 8    private void Awake()9    {10        health = GetComponent<Health>();11    }12 13    private void OnEnable()14    {15        health.Died += RestartScene;16    }17 18    private void OnDisable()19    {20        health.Died -= RestartScene;21    }22 23    private void RestartScene()24    {25        Scene current = SceneManager.GetActiveScene();26        SceneManager.LoadScene(current.buildIndex);27    }28}

Attach it to the Player.

Now the scene restarts when health reaches zero.

Step 8: Test Like a Designer

Do not only test if the code runs. Test if it feels fair.

Try these:

• Touch the enemy once. Do you lose exactly one health?
• Stay touching the enemy. Do invulnerability frames prevent instant death?
• Is knockback strong enough to separate the player?
• Is the enemy speed readable?
• Does the health UI update immediately?

Step 9: Improve the Feel

Small upgrades that make a big difference:

• Flash the player sprite during invulnerability.
• Play a hit sound.
• Shake the camera lightly on damage.
• Add enemy wind-up before contact damage.
• Add a hurt animation before restarting the scene.

The key lesson: combat is not just damage numbers. A good first combat loop tells the player what happened, gives them time to recover, and lets them understand how to avoid the next hit.